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Manufactured controversy
A manufactured controversy, sometimes shortened into the portmanteau manufactroversy,〔("Word Of The Week: Manufactroversy" ), Andrew Daley, The Huffington Post, April 18, 2008〕 is a contrived controversy, typically motivated by profit or ideology, designed to create public confusion concerning an issue about which there is no substantial academic dispute.〔(Manufactroversy ): "A contrived or non-existent controversy, manufactured by political ideologues or interest groups who use deception and specious arguments to make their case", Paul McFedries, Wordspy.com, December 16, 2009〕〔("Manufactroversy: The Art of Creating Controversy Where None Existed" ), Leah Ceccarelli, ''Science Progress'', Center for American Progress, April 11, 2008〕 This concept has also been referred to as manufactured uncertainty.
==Mechanisms of manufacturing controversy and uncertainty==
Manufacturing controversy has been a tactic used by ideological and corporate groups in order to "neutralize the influence of academic scientists" in public policy debates. Cherry picking of favorable data and sympathetic experts, aggrandizement of uncertainties within theoretical models, and false balance in media reporting contribute to the generation of manufactured controversies. Those manufacturing uncertainty may label academic research as "junk science" and use a variety of tactics designed to stall and increase the expense of the distribution of sound scientific information.〔 Delay tactics are also used to slow the implementation of regulations and public warnings in response to previously undiscovered health risks (e.g., the increased risk of Reye's syndrome in children who take aspirin).〔 Chief among these stalling tactics is generating scientific uncertainty, "no matter how powerful or conclusive the evidence",〔 in order to prevent regulation.
Another tactic used to manufacture controversy is to cast the scientific community as intolerant of dissent and conspiratorially aligned with industries or sociopolitical movements that quash challenges to conventional wisdom.〔("The Paranoid Style in American Science: 3. Contrary Imaginations" ), Daniel Engber, ''Slate'', April 17, 2008〕 This form of manufactured controversy has been utilized by environmentalist advocacy groups, religious challengers of the theory of evolution, and opponents of global warming legislation.〔("The Paranoid Style in American Science: 2. An Uncertain Truth" ), Daniel Engber, ''Slate'', April 16, 2008〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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